Imaging
DEXA scan
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry · DXA
The reference standard for bone density and a precise measure of regional body composition.
What it measures
DEXA uses two X-ray energies to differentiate bone mineral, lean soft tissue, and fat. Outputs include site-specific bone mineral density (BMD), T-score and Z-score (standardised against young-adult and age-matched references), total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) estimate.
Reference context
2 guideline sources
T-scores compare to young-adult peak; Z-scores compare to age-matched reference. Use T-score for postmenopausal women and men ≥50; Z-score for younger adults. Body composition reference ranges vary by ethnicity, age, and sex — most reports include cohort comparisons.
Population context — consult guideline targets below
Mechanism
Why moving this marker matters
Bone density declines from the fourth decade onward; declines accelerate post-menopause in women and after andropause in men. Low BMD predicts fragility fractures, which are themselves a strong predictor of one-year mortality in older adults. Body composition — especially appendicular lean mass and visceral fat — independently predicts cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality.
Guideline targets
What major guidelines recommend
WHO (T-score, postmenopausal women & men ≥50)
≥−1.0 = normal; −1.0 to −2.5 = osteopenia; ≤−2.5 = osteoporosis
Body composition (informational, no consensus targets)
Visceral adipose tissue >100 cm² associates with elevated cardiometabolic risk in cohort studies
How to measure
The test, where to get it, when to repeat
Method
Brief X-ray scan (5–15 minutes), low radiation dose (~1–10 μSv, comparable to a transatlantic flight).
Where
Hospital radiology departments, dedicated bone-health clinics, private imaging providers. In some countries available through 'longevity clinics' as body composition assessment.
Typical cost
€80–250 private (whole-body), £50–120 NHS pathway when referred for osteoporosis screening.
Fasting
Not required
When to test
USPSTF 2025
65+femaleScreen women aged 65+; younger postmenopausal women with elevated fracture risk per FRAX.
NOGG 2021 (UK)
Risk-stratified screening from age 50, earlier if specific risk factors (steroid use, premature menopause, prior fragility fracture).
ISCD 2019 (men)
70+maleConsider screening men aged 70+, or younger men with risk factors.
Where to scan
Providers offering this imaging study
These providers offer the scan directly to consumers. You book and pay with them; the imaging report lives on their platform. Healicus is not in the clinical chain.
Prenuvo
US · UK · EU · INTLWhole-body MRI screening at private clinics in major cities — radiologist-read report.
Visit Prenuvo
Prescan
DE · EUEuropean preventive-imaging chain offering MRI, CT, DEXA, and vascular screening in German clinics.
Visit Prescan
BodySpec
USMobile DEXA body-composition scans across the US — pay-per-scan, no membership.
Visit BodySpec
Healicus is not the provider. Your contract for the service is with whoever you choose. Links labelled Sponsored are paid affiliate relationships; unlabelled links are editorial reference only. See our disclosure for the full policy.
Context
Reading the numbers
T-scores compare to young-adult peak; Z-scores compare to age-matched reference. Use T-score for postmenopausal women and men ≥50; Z-score for younger adults. Body composition reference ranges vary by ethnicity, age, and sex — most reports include cohort comparisons.
Caveats
Older scanners and different manufacturers (Hologic, GE Lunar, Norland) produce slightly different absolute values; track trends on the same scanner for longitudinal comparison. Vertebral fracture or severe scoliosis can spuriously elevate spinal BMD; abdominal aortic calcification can elevate lumbar values in older adults.
Take to your physician
Worth discussing
- Whether your T-score and clinical risk factors warrant lifestyle measures, pharmacotherapy, or both (FRAX or QFracture in the UK).
- How body composition results compare to your age and sex norms, and whether changes are meaningful.
- Cadence for follow-up scans (typically every 2 years for monitoring, longer if stable).
Sources
Cited literature
- [1]USPSTF 2025 — Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures(2025)
- [2]National Osteoporosis Guideline Group 2021 — UK Clinical Guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis(2021)
- [3]International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2019 Official Positions(2019)
- [4]WHO Study Group — Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis(1994)
- [5]Neeland et al., Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease(2019)
Edited by Carl Pöhl, MD · Healicus editorial
Keep reading
← Previous
Lab marker
IGF-1
A growth-hormone-axis proxy with a U-shaped mortality relationship — both very high and very low values associate with elevated risk.
Next →
Imaging
Coronary CT calcium score
A direct visualisation of coronary atherosclerosis — refines cardiovascular risk far more sharply than any single blood marker.