Imaging

DEXA scan

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry · DXA

The reference standard for bone density and a precise measure of regional body composition.

Strong relevance5 cited sourcesNo fasting€80–250 private (whole-body), £50–120 NHS pathway when referred for osteoporosis screening.movementnutrition

What it measures

DEXA uses two X-ray energies to differentiate bone mineral, lean soft tissue, and fat. Outputs include site-specific bone mineral density (BMD), T-score and Z-score (standardised against young-adult and age-matched references), total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) estimate.

Reference context

2 guideline sources

T-scores compare to young-adult peak; Z-scores compare to age-matched reference. Use T-score for postmenopausal women and men ≥50; Z-score for younger adults. Body composition reference ranges vary by ethnicity, age, and sex — most reports include cohort comparisons.

Normal
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
Lower riskHigher risk

Population context — consult guideline targets below

Mechanism

Why moving this marker matters

Bone density declines from the fourth decade onward; declines accelerate post-menopause in women and after andropause in men. Low BMD predicts fragility fractures, which are themselves a strong predictor of one-year mortality in older adults. Body composition — especially appendicular lean mass and visceral fat — independently predicts cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality.

Guideline targets

What major guidelines recommend

WHO (T-score, postmenopausal women & men ≥50)

Strong

≥−1.0 = normal; −1.0 to −2.5 = osteopenia; ≤−2.5 = osteoporosis

Body composition (informational, no consensus targets)

Moderate

Visceral adipose tissue >100 cm² associates with elevated cardiometabolic risk in cohort studies

How to measure

The test, where to get it, when to repeat

Method

Brief X-ray scan (5–15 minutes), low radiation dose (~1–10 μSv, comparable to a transatlantic flight).

Where

Hospital radiology departments, dedicated bone-health clinics, private imaging providers. In some countries available through 'longevity clinics' as body composition assessment.

Typical cost

€80–250 private (whole-body), £50–120 NHS pathway when referred for osteoporosis screening.

Fasting

Not required

When to test

  • USPSTF 2025

    65+female

    Screen women aged 65+; younger postmenopausal women with elevated fracture risk per FRAX.

  • NOGG 2021 (UK)

    Risk-stratified screening from age 50, earlier if specific risk factors (steroid use, premature menopause, prior fragility fracture).

  • ISCD 2019 (men)

    70+male

    Consider screening men aged 70+, or younger men with risk factors.

Where to scan

Providers offering this imaging study

These providers offer the scan directly to consumers. You book and pay with them; the imaging report lives on their platform. Healicus is not in the clinical chain.

Healicus is not the provider. Your contract for the service is with whoever you choose. Links labelled Sponsored are paid affiliate relationships; unlabelled links are editorial reference only. See our disclosure for the full policy.

Context

Reading the numbers

T-scores compare to young-adult peak; Z-scores compare to age-matched reference. Use T-score for postmenopausal women and men ≥50; Z-score for younger adults. Body composition reference ranges vary by ethnicity, age, and sex — most reports include cohort comparisons.

Caveats

Older scanners and different manufacturers (Hologic, GE Lunar, Norland) produce slightly different absolute values; track trends on the same scanner for longitudinal comparison. Vertebral fracture or severe scoliosis can spuriously elevate spinal BMD; abdominal aortic calcification can elevate lumbar values in older adults.

Take to your physician

Worth discussing

  • Whether your T-score and clinical risk factors warrant lifestyle measures, pharmacotherapy, or both (FRAX or QFracture in the UK).
  • How body composition results compare to your age and sex norms, and whether changes are meaningful.
  • Cadence for follow-up scans (typically every 2 years for monitoring, longer if stable).

Sources

Cited literature

Edited by Carl Pöhl, MD · Healicus editorial

Educational reference. Population-level information for the longevity-curious reader. Healicus does not compute scores, interpret your specific values, or produce personalised recommendations from your clinical data. Discuss your own results and any decisions with your physician.

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