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St. John's wort

Cochrane-reviewed botanical for mild-to-moderate depression, and also the natural remedy with the most drug interactions.

Why

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) carries an EMA Well-Established Use monograph for mild and moderate depressive episodes: the highest regulatory tier available to a herbal medicinal product. The Cochrane review found standardised extracts (LI 160, WS 5570, ZE 117) similar to standard antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression, with fewer side effects in most trials. Severe depression and bipolar depression are out of scope.

How it works

Hyperforin and hypericin inhibit synaptic reuptake of serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, GABA and glutamate. Hyperforin is also a potent activator of the pregnane X receptor: the route by which it induces CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and P-glycoprotein, accounting for the broad drug-interaction profile.

Expected onset · Onset typically over 2–4 weeks; full effect at 4–6 weeks

How to take

Dosage

Standardised extract 600–900 mg/day divided across the day; lower doses (240–600 mg) also used in some trials.

Timing

With meals, divided dosing

On the label

Look for a named standardised extract (LI 160, WS 5570, STW 3-VI, or ZE 117) with stated hypericin (~0.3%) and hyperforin (~3–6%) content.

Ideal for

Adults with mild-to-moderate low mood without bipolar history, who are not on interacting medications.

Safety

Major drug interactions via CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and P-gp induction: reduces blood levels of combined oral contraceptives, warfarin, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, anti-HIV protease inhibitors, certain anticancer agents, digoxin, and many others. Risk of serotonin syndrome if combined with SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs or triptans. Avoid in pregnancy, breastfeeding, bipolar disorder, and before or after major surgery. Photosensitivity is possible at high doses.

Evidence

At a glance

Cochrane 2008 SR (29 RCTs, n>5,000): St John's wort extracts were superior to placebo and similar in efficacy to standard antidepressants for mild-to-moderate major depression, with fewer side-effect dropouts. The EMA HMPC classifies the herb as Well-Established Use for moderate depressive episodes: the highest regulatory tier available to a botanical. Caveat: the drug-interaction profile is the broadest in the herbal pharmacopoeia.

Where to get it

Shop St. John's wort on Amazon

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