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Anise (Pimpinella anisum)

EMA-monograph traditional European seed for cough and dyspepsia, also EMA-monograph essential oil.

Why

Anise (Pimpinella anisum) seed holds two EMA HMPC Traditional Use monographs: one for symptoms of mild dyspepsia such as bloating and flatulence, and one for relief of cough associated with cold. Both seed and essential oil have separate monographs. Distinct from star anise (Illicium verum), which is a different botanical family but with similar trans-anethole content.

How it works

Trans-anethole (the principal essential oil component) has spasmolytic effects on gastrointestinal and respiratory smooth muscle, plus mild expectorant action. Estrogenic activity at higher doses documented mechanistically.

Expected onset · Symptomatic relief within hours

How to take

Dosage

Dried seeds: 1–3 g as infusion (crush before brewing), three times daily.

Timing

After meals (dyspepsia) or during symptomatic phase (cough)

On the label

Pimpinella anisum (European anise), distinct from star anise (Illicium verum), pernod-flavour anise. Crushed or ground seeds release more essential oil in infusion.

Ideal for

Adults with mild dyspepsia, flatulence, or productive cough exploring European-tradition seeds and infusions.

Safety

Essential oil internal use: not for prolonged or high-dose intake (anethole hepatotoxicity at high doses). Mild oestrogenic activity. Caution in hormone-sensitive cancer history. Allergic reactions possible (cross-reactivity with celery, carrot, parsley). Pregnancy: culinary doses safe; medicinal doses limited data.

Evidence

At a glance

EMA classifies both anise seed and anise essential oil at Traditional Use for cough and dyspepsia. Traditional-use registration only, no Cochrane review, no Well-Established Use monograph, no EFSA-authorised claim, and no major-journal RCT supports a specific therapeutic effect. Inclusion here reflects the documented tradition; modern clinical evidence is limited.

Limitations

Traditional-use registration only, no Cochrane review, no Well-Established Use monograph, no EFSA-authorised claim, and no major-journal RCT supports a specific therapeutic effect. Inclusion here reflects the documented tradition; modern clinical evidence is limited.

Where to get it

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